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Civil War Graffiti

Is civil war inevitable in the U.S.?

I'm not saying total anarchy all out war,but more isolated incidents of violence?I think the more mexicans that come the more decent neighborhoods become destroyed.Its a spreading cancer.I hate to stereotype,but if someone can give me facts on "hoods" that are at least 75% mexican/hispanic that aren't crime infested by way of drugs,rape,murder,gangs,theft,graffiti,etc. then I'll have to continue to believe it.
Mcgill...I live in chicagoland and I've had to move 3 times in the last 20 years because of the wave of mexicans..MY facts are city-data.com..
Mcgill again...I never once said illegal immigrants I said all mexicans but that would include illegal immigrants too.
Snuggles...Where did I say they don't belong here? Now that you mentioned it though I do wish 90% of them weren't here.How you like them apples?

When the government fails to be responsive to its citizens, then the citizens will revolt. However, some citizens will still support the defective government.

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Meade washes communist graffiti off a Madison Civil War monument

Hate Crimes

Hate crime is legally used to refer to those crimes which occur when criminal acts are perpetrated to target a victim or victims on the basis of membership to a certain social group. The crimes are also referred top as bias or bias motivated crimes. The social group defined here may be defined by religion, nationality, race, sexual orientation, gender, ethnicity, disability, political affiliation or sexual orientation. Incidents in this crime may involve damage of property, physical assault, verbal abuse, insults, bullying, offensive letters and graffiti. This crime is generally seen to be motivated by hatred and prejudice. Analysts argue that hate crime is more than normal crime because it targets victims based on their inherent identities and discriminates them from enjoying society's full benefits (Larry and Roger, 2010, p 26). This crime, according to analysts, causes more psychological harm than normal crime which is not prejudicial (Franklin, 1997, p.14). The crime, when it happens in societies without stable systems of governance has great potential of making communities turn against each other. FBI statistics show that about 30% of hate crimes reported was committed against property. These include stealing, vandalism, and robbing, setting fire to places of worship, stores or homes (CRS, 2008, p.1). Over 70% of the cases involve personal attacks ranging from rape, murder, simple assault and different forms of aggravated assaults. Hate crime has two perspectives, the physical attack and the attack on identity. This study will concentrate on hate crimes in the US with an aim of looking at their history, frequency and the legislation that have been put in place to curb their occurrences.

History of Hate Crime in the US

The first recorded case of hate crime in the US by FBI was in 1922 in Louisiana. The perpetrator was the Ku Klux Klan, a rising white supremacist movement. According to records, two people were murdered after kidnapping and torture. During the same incident, thousands of members belonging to one community received threats based on their identities. The racist group committed thousands of other similar crimes between that period and 2006. Some of the most vicious of such crimes occurred in the periods preceding World War 1, 2 and the Civil Rights movement. Inn July 1946 in Monroe, Georgia, two black couples, Dorothy & Roger Dorsey, and Mae & Roger Malcolm were viciously pulled from a car and viciously shot by approximately 20 white men. Records show that no arrests were conducted after the incident (CRS, 1997, p 1). In 1954, a 14 year old Negro boy, Emmett Till was attacked by more than 20 men with all manner of crude weapons in Chicago; Illinois. He was accused of whistling to a white woman who belonged to one of the perpetrators, Roy Bryant (CRS, 1997). During the court trial, an all white jury acquitted the accused on grounds that there was no enough proof that the dead boy was Till. The corpse had been badly mutilated, deformed and waterlogged, like a mutant that at his burial, the mother collapsed but insisted that the son would be buried in an open casket as a proof of the horror of racism. These and other cases are a pointer to the extremism of some hate crimes that have occurred and continue to occur (Larry & Roger, 2010).  The Ku Klux Klan is one of the best documented organized groups that perpetrated widespread hate campaign and terror on their victims in the United States. During its foundation period in the early 20th century, the group focused its violence and anger on black Americans and any groups that were seen to support them (CRS, 1997). They later targeted other minority groups such as Catholics, Jews, homosexuals and other immigrant groups. Some of the possible reasons for this aggression were the perceived competition between these minority groups versus the economic interests of the low class whites who formed a majority of the group.

Historical Hate Crimes

The prevalence of hate crimes is a global issue and they have occurred in different magnitudes in other parts of the world. Some of the best documented massive hate crimes were:

• The holocaust- the organized extermination of Jews in Europe in the 30's and 40's that left 5.7 million Jews dead and millions deported from their countries
• South Africa Apartheid- A racial segregation policy in South Africa that separated groups into races and determined the infrastructure that such groups would use.
• The Ottoman genocide in Armenia-The organized attacks of Armenia natives around 1925 that lead  to the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians and other groups (Mark,1992)
• Bosnia ethnic cleansing-the army led incursion in 1992-1995 where areas carrying more Muslims were shelled to forcefully remove them from Serbs territories. More than two million people could have lost their lives.
• The Rwanda genocide- Took place in Rwanda in Central Africa and pitted two ethnic groups against each other, Hutus and Tutsis. Lasted for approximately 100 days of pure massacre and casualties are approximated to 800000 people.
• The Darfur crisis (Southern Sudan) - an ongoing crisis pitting government forces and Sudanese People Liberation Front which accuses the government of favoring the Arabs in the North. The UN estimates deaths to 300,000 and over two million people displaced (Edith, 2008).

Perpetrators of Hate Crimes

The general perception about perpetrators of these types of violence is that they are committed by organized groups such as KKK or other organized groups. Available evidence however points to different statistics. For instance, out of 1,459 such crimes committed in Los Angeles in the period 1994 to 1995 less than 5% were committed by members of hate groups (CRS, 1997). According to a psychologist in Los Angeles, University of California, Dr, Dunbar Edward, hate crimes are committed day to day by young people, who are normally law abiding, and have no conscience about their actions. Though alcohol and drugs have been identified as contributors of these crimes, the primary determinant is self prejudice against certain groups of people. This prejudice blinds the person and blurs their judgment on the morality of their actions. This prejudice is normally foddered by environments that harbor negativity against other groups. For instance, it has been found that aggressors against homosexuals feel as if they have the backing of the society in attacking homosexuals. People who engage in hate crimes are likely to be common offenders with clear cut anti social behaviors. One example of this occurred in Texas, in Jasper in June 1998, when three men gave a lift to a black man who had a limp. The perpetrators beat up the man, dragged him on the road until his body got dismembered.

Frequency of Hate Crimes

Data available on hate crime is only comprehensive in the US from 1991 when the Act on Hate Crime Statistics was established. Before then, different states used to report these crimes differently and were often grouped together with common crimes such as murder, rape, arson, homicide and robbery (CRS, 1997). The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the agency mandated to gather statistics on these crimes by the Senate (Dunbar, 1997). In 1996, 9,759 such cases were reported from 49 states and Washington D.C. The figures by the Federal agency however are much smaller as compared to the numbers provided by civil right groups and human watchdogs such as Anti—defamation league and NAPAL consortium which reports much higher figures and are more comprehensive. The 1998 Hate Crime prevention Act was introduced in the senate (S. 1529) and the House as (H. R. 3081) sought expansion on the federal jurisdiction on hate crimes (Dunbar, 1997). If expanded, the act would allow federal authorities to seek information, investigate and prosecute possible hate crimes including those where the victim was engaged in activities that are not necessarily protected by the federal government. Federal protected activities in the USA may include activities such as going to school, voting or crossing over from state to state. The expansion also thought to include coverage of categories that were not initially covered in the Act of protection against hate crime. The new inclusion would include hate crimes based on disability, gender orientation, or sexual crimes. A barrier to obtaining information on these crimes is the fact that reporting such crimes is completely voluntary and there is sufficient evident that most victims do not report such cases. It is assumed that the victims in most cases are able to identify perpetrators and are usually afraid of retaliatory attacks from other like minded perpetrators if such a case is reported. There is also a lot of inconvenience in the way states document such crimes (Larry & Roger, 2010, p. 126). There is also an inconsistency in the time duration within which such crimes are reported. Some of the cases documented by FBI are normally reported in irregular times making state action complicated. For instance, in 2006, in a survey to assess jurisdictions documentation of hate crimes, 84% had zero records of such crimes, this, despite their rampant occurrence in different states (Dunbar, 1997, p.27).  According to Dr. Dunbar, the psychologist whose survey is used in this study argues that victims of more severe hate attacks such a aggravated sexual assaults are least likely to report out of fear of possible future contacts with perpetrators. Another theory on why such crimes are not reported is the victims' lack of faith in the systems of justice. In such a case the victim feels that the systems of justice are biased in favor of the perpetrators making reporting of such cases futile. The La Raza National Council is of the view that Hispanics mistrusts the police system as biased and therefore are reluctant to report such cases to them (CRS, 1997, p.1).

Reasons for committing hate crimes

Hate crimes are different from other crimes. They are message crimes that are perpetrated and intended to communicate a coded message, for instance, that a certain community or group is not welcome in certain community, neighborhood, school, or work place (Franklin, 1997). The strongest biases that have been critical in some of the most heinous hate crimes have been racial discrimination, discrimination against ethnic minorities, disdain for the disabled, and prejudice for lesbians and homosexuals and gender based prejudice.

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